■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■Right to ConcludeCollectiveAgreements■National public employeesCategoryEmployees under the Remuneration ActEmployees of agencies engaged in administrative execution Police officers Coast Guard officials Penal institutionemployees Right of Collective Bargaining Right to organizeRight to Strike4 The NPA used to determine the fixed number for each salary grade, but since 2014, the newly established Cabinet Bureau of Personnel Affairs has been making this decision, and the National Personnel Authority gives its opinion on the number of classified positions.10(1) Autonomous personnel management by each ministry and agency The system, in which both the NPA and the Prime Minister as the central personnel management agencies administer uniform rules, appears to be centralized, but each ministry and agency has a high degree of autonomy in its operation. For example, the NPA conducts common recruitment examinations, but each ministry and agency interviews and decides who will be hired from the list of successful candidates. In addition, although bound by the fixed number of employees per salary grade, each ministry and agency has the autonomy to appoint its employees4. The “family system (Ikkasyugi)” in which each ministry handles everything from recruitment to reemployment after retirement, has often been criticized as fostering sectionalism.(2) Severe Restrictions on Basic labor rights GHQ’s postwar reforms resulted in greater restrictions on basic labor rights than in other countries. The restrictions are listed in Table 1.was positioned as the central personnel management authority responsible for certain matters relating to efficiency, welfare, and service discipline, as well as the coordination and integration necessary to maintain uniformity in personnel management. The Personnel Bureau was established as a secretariat in the Prime Minister’s Office. The role of the NPA was not significantly changed by this amendment. Despite various difficulties, the NPA has taken root as a result of its efforts to realize a neutral and fair public service system based on the characteristics of Japanese personnel management. Personnel management in ministries and agencies is also independent of politics. The Japanese public service is based on a merit system, from the position of clerk to vice-minister of administration, and is required to be politically neutral. Political activities of personnel have been limited, and interference in personnel matters by politicians has been suppressed. Of course, good relationships with politicians have been an important factor in promotion to senior positions, but even the minister, as the appointing authority, avoids direct intervention in personnel matters regarding public employees.2� Characteristics of the National Public Service up to the 1980s The postwar public service system, which was formed alongside the establishment of the NPA, had the following characteristics.＜Table 1 Current Situation of Basic Labor Rights＞
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