Early Days of Independence: Elite-Centric and Expertise-based Policy MakingThe Singapore Public Service has its origins in the bureaucracy set up by the British when they colonised Singapore in 1819. When Singapore became a self-governing state in 1959, the bureaucracy was localised and reoriented itself towards nation-building (Low, 2018). When it was abruptly forced out of the Federation of Malaysia in 1965, Singapore was then fraught with economic and social challenges in the early days of independence. In the early stages of achieving self-governance in 1959, policy planning was done with the aim of ‘survival’ in mind. Following the messy trajectory towards independence, Singapore was afflicted with social disorder, high levels of unemployment among its largely unskilled population, and a shortage of affordable housing (Lee, Ma and Zhou, 2017). Faced with capital flight, labour strife, communist insurgency, ethnic tensions and high unemployment rate of over 10% (Ngiam and Tay, 2006), the People’s Action Party (PAP) government had to adopt a pragmatic 128Reform of the Singapore Public Service: From Silo Pragmatism to Whole-of Government Citizen-CentricityMinistry of National Development (MND)Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF)Ministry of Sustainability and The Environment (MSE)Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI)Ministry of Transport (MOT)Prime Minister’s Office (PMO)Table 1: Ministries and their respective statutory boards• Board of Architects• Building and Construction Authority• Council for Estate Agencies• Housing and Development Board• National Parks Board• Professional Engineers Board, Singapore• Urban Redevelopment Authority• National Council of Social Service• PUB, Singapore National Water Agency• National Environment Agency• Singapore Food Agency• Enterprise Singapore• Agency for Science, Technology and Research• Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore• Economic Development Board• Energy Market Authority• Hotels Licensing Board• • • JTC CorporationSingapore Tourism BoardSentosa Development Corporation• Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore• Land Transport Authority• Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore• Public Transport Council• Civil Service College• Government Technology Agency• Monetary Authority of Singapore
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