(1) Until the enactment of the Basic Act on the Reform of the National Public Service System Although relations between the government and the public sector unions, which were dissatisfied with the Outline for Reforming the Public Service System, had been poor for some time, the government and RENGO (the Japanese Trade Union Confederation) agreed to study the issue of basic labor rights in detail, and in 2006 an expert committee was established by the Administrative Reform Promotion Headquarters.allow them to be re-employed soon after retirement with such companies. Re-employed former public employees are generally prohibited for two years from lobbying their home ministries on matters they were responsible for during the five years prior to retirement, and are prohibited for life from lobbying for contracts, etc., that they have decided on and that pertain to their new employer. Former executive officials were required to notify the Cabinet of their re-employment for two years after retirement, and this information would be made public by the Cabinet. the National Public Service System in 2008, and reforms based on the Basic Act have continued since then. A third-party organization, the Reemployment Surveillance Commission, was also established in the Cabinet Office to monitor violations of the new regulation. The commission, which initially could not appoint commissioners due to opposition from the then opposition Democratic Party, began its work in 2012 and has found several violations of the re-employment regulations. Some have argued that the new regulation has made it more difficult for public employees to find new jobs than before, but on the other hand, alumni now provide re-employment assistance on behalf of ministries and agencies, and public employees can be reemployed by interested companies without waiting two years. Some point out that re-employment is still more advantageous than in the private sector. Since the 1990s, the guarantee of basic labor rights for public employees had gained support not only from traditional innovative political parties and unions, but also from some conservative politicians who believed that collective bargaining was more likely to reduce remunerations in times of financial difficulties. The minister in charge of reforming the public service system at the time was also in favor of collective bargaining for public employees, and in 2007 the expert committee issued a report that included reforms to a system in which labor and management would decide working conditions autonomously and the right to conclude collective agreements for some public employees. In the same year, the Advisory Council on the Comprehensive Reform of the Public Service System was established at the request of the Prime Minister to comprehensively examine issues related to the entire public service personnel system in general, except for basic labor rights. In 2008, the Council issued a report with proposals, which led to the Basic Act on the Reform the National Public Service System being enacted that same year9. The Basic Act is a program law that lays out the basic policy for comprehensive reform of the national public service system. Its main objectives were to reform the public service system to make it more responsive to political leadership and to correct sectionalism, and it included the abolition of the career system and the introduction of centralized management of executive officials. After the Basic Act was passed, attempts were made to revise the National Public Service Act and other laws to implement its contents.5� Reforms under the Basic Act on the Reform of the National Public Service System Consideration of fundamental reform of the public service system led to the enactment of the Basic Act on the Reform of 17
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