ten years, an objective that the Plan explained was intended to strengthen the practice of good governance and transparency in government transactions and operations. A former local chief executive himself, President Estrada made sure that the Plan recognized the important role of the local government units in broadening the adoption of information technology to bolster revenue collection, service delivery and entrepreneurship. Moreover, to strengthen the implementation of the Plan, the Estrada administration was able to pass the E-Commerce Act of 2000 and establish the Information Technology and e-Commerce Council (ITECC).The Arroyo Administration The ten-year administration (2001-2010) of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo continued the government’s journey towards digitalization as shown by the creation of third plan referred to as the Philippine ICT roadmap 2006-2010 by the Commission on Information and Communications Technology (CICT), the agency that replaced the ITECC. The Plan envisioned to increase public awareness of and appreciation for ICT, encourage the private sector and various stakeholders to support the Plan by investing in and producing ICT-related products in the short- to medium-terms, for government to lay down sustainable strategies for further developments in ICT way into the future, and increase coordination among stakeholders in the implementation of ICT programs and projects. To implement the roadmap, Treceñe (2021: 4-5) enumerated what he described as inclusive, people-centered and development-oriented ICT programs and projects as follows: (1) Community e-Center Program (CeC) designed to increase community access to online services and provide training to key implementors to sustain the management and operation of the program; (2) Internet in Schools (iSchools) intended to distribute to internet-capable computers to public high schools, conduct of educator’s training, and provide technical, monitoring and evaluation support during its implementation; (3) eCare centers meant to provide training and online access to Persons with Disabilities (PWDs); (4) eLGU CeCs conceived to boost ICT education of the youth and in turn spur regional development; press improve online access and promote efficient service delivery at the local level; (5) Regional ICT Centers devised to push for regional development; and (6) National Broadband Plan to boost bandwidth capacity to develop ICT. Moreover, the Arroyo administration used the proliferation of the ICT platform to encourage and develop the Business Process Outsourcing. In addition to ICT programs and projects, the plan identified key pieces of legislation requiring Congressional approval as follows: (1) creation of the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT), (2) transforming the National Telecommunication Commission (NTC) into a politically independent regulatory body, (3) passing a Republic Act on privacy and data protection, cybercrime bill, and the freedom of information law (Treceñe (2021: 5). The Aquino Administration The fourth plan called the Philippine Digital Strategy (PDS) for 2011 to 2016 was drawn up again by the CICT during the administration of President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016). Compared with the three previous plans, this was more comprehensive in scope largely due to the fact that ICT through the years had increasingly influenced almost if not all aspects of the economy and society. Specifically, the Plan envisioned to apply ICT in key areas of governance, economy, people empowerment, anti-corruption measures, and poverty alleviation with the end in view of transforming the Philippine economy as a competitive force in the global digital arena in 2016. The PDS, also dubbed as the E-government Master Plan, was implemented by select government agencies headed by the Department of Science and Technology, and participated in by the National Economic and Development Authority, Department of Information and Communication Technology, and Department of Budget and Management. Still, under the same Plan, the flagship project under the DOST named Integrated Government Philippines (iGovPhil) (was formed) to better interconnect government agencies to improve online coordination and government services, thus revamping the quality of governance and citizen participation (DICT & DOST, n.d in Philippine Digital Justice System, 2021: 10). 181
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