6Abstract In Japan, postwar reforms by GHQ created the framework for the new public service system and the National Personnel Authority, a highly independent third-party organization that has played a role in ensuring fairness in personnel management and protecting employees’ interests. Personnel management of the postwar Japanese National Public Service has the following characteristics: (1)autonomous personnel management by each ministry and agency, (2)severe restrictions on basic labor rights, (3)the principle of balancing working conditions with those in the private sector, (4)strict control of personnel expenses, (5)entrance screening of cadets and seniority-based personnel management by year of employment, (6)academic cliques, and (7)reemployment mediated by ministries and agencies. These were critically examined in the reforms that began in the 1990s. As a result, several reforms were implemented: (1)clarification of ethical standards under the National Public Service Ethics Act, (2)containment of personnel expenses, (3)opening of the closed career system through a diversification of appointments, (4)reinforcement of an ability and performance based system through new personnel evaluations, (5)revision of reemployment regulations, (6)abolition of entrance screening of cadets and introduction of fostering courses for executive candidates, and (7)the centralized management of executive officials in accordance with political leadership. Recently, reforms in work styles, women’s promotion, and the raising of the retirement age have also been proceeded, with the aim of creating a public service system in which employees of all ages and genders can play an active role. However, the popularity of the public service as a career is on the decline, and we are faced with the challenge of deciding what kind of public service system should be put in place to ensure excellent human resources. Keywords: National Public Service, National Personnel Authority, personnel management, basic labor rights, personnel expenses, closed career system, re-employment, ability and performance, seniority, executive officials, political leadership
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