Introduction Government personnel management plays a crucial role in ensuring the productivity and performance of the state bureaucracy in executing public policy, serving the people, and enhancing national cohesion. The management includes a variety of key elements such as recruitment, training, performance management, and other strategies for developing a skilled, motivated, and various personnel capable of meeting the needs of the public. Every country has their own challenges and opportunities in developing the system of government personnel management. Particularly in ASEAN, each member state exhibits varying patterns and levels of achievement in administrative reform (Quah, 1985), with differing impacts on policy implementation (Quah, 2016).The History of State Civil Apparatus Management System in Indonesia Government personnel in Indonesia have been subject to administration since the pre-independence era. In 1943, the government started regulating the salaries and recruitment of government employees, known as “Pegawai Negeri” at the time, in the Java region. Through Government Regulation No. 21 of 1948, which was issued three years after the proclamation of independence, the government revised the employee salary policy. Following these changes, the government amended the rules governing appointment and termination rights for employees of the Republic of Indonesia Union through Emergency Laws No. 25 and No. 34 of 1950. This paper focuses on elaborating the case of Indonesia in dealing with how the state enhances the quality of its bureaucracy. Indonesia is an interesting case of study because, after a 78-year journey of state-building, this country has persistently encountered complex challenges in the realm of state personnel management. With 4.2 million state employees out of a total population of 275.77 million (as of December 2022), Indonesia continues to face issues related to bureaucracy, both institutional and attitudinal. This paper analyzes the current major efforts made by the government to enhance state personnel management under the umbrella of bureaucratic reform. The analysis reveals that, amid the optimism and strategies aimed at establishing a professional bureaucracy, the government’s existing limitations have presented them with various challenges. This paper’s discussion covers three parts. The first section, which follows the introduction, provides a brief history of personnel management in Indonesia. The second section captures the current system of personnel administration in Indonesia under bureaucratic reform, while also highlighting some management issues. In the final section, before concluding this paper, we provide a short analysis of possible strategies to address the issues in operationalizing the current system of personnel management. In the early years of independence, the government endeavored to establish a structured hierarchy within the civil service. On September 25, 1945, Mr. Kasman Singodimedjo, serving as the Chairman of the Central Indonesian National Committee, conveyed the Presidential decree concerning the reassignment of Indonesian personnel from various positions and echelons to the status of government employees. However, a few years later, the government appeared to struggle in its effort to establish a structured national bureaucracy. This challenge arose due to the fragmentation of state employees along different ideologies lines and their exposure to volatile political upheavals (Ministry of State Administration and Bureaucratic Reform, 2013). Despite the challenges, there were opportunities to organize government employees in the following years. One of the positive initiatives is the establishment of the Office of Employee Affairs in 1948. Under the Government Regulation No. 11 of 1948, this office is responsible for managing and overseeing the staffing and salary of government employees. Efforts to organize government employees appeared to be more comprehensive after the government issued Law Number 18 of 1961 on the Main Provisions of Civil Service. In this Law, government employees (referred to in the Law as “pegawai 62
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