1 After the defeat in World WarⅡ, the Japanese government was placed under the occupation rule of GHQ until the Treaty of Peace with Japan came into effect on April 28, 1952.2 He had served as head of the Civil Service Assembly of the United States and Canada.8(1) Postwar Reform by GHQ Before the end of World War II, the government employee system was based on a status system in which the public officials were loyal to the Emperor (Tenno). The GHQ considered them responsible for the war, but continued to employ them for the purpose of indirect rule, except for some public officials who were expelled in October 1945.(2) Early days of the NPA The NPA is responsible for ensuring fairness in personnel management and protecting the benefits of national public employees under the National Public Service Act. Its main functions are to conduct recruitment examinations and 1� Establishment of the Public Service System through Postwar Reform The postwar Japanese public service system was formed under the GHQ (General Headquarters, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.)1 occupation, but since the end of the occupation, Japan has developed its own personnel management. Then the prewar personnel system was transformed into a new system in accordance with the new constitution. However, GHQ did not have a concrete vision for the new public service system at the beginning of the occupation, and democratization through the trade union movement, promoted by the GHQ/ESS Labor Division, took precedence in the public sector. Many public employees were granted the same basic labor rights as private workers, and although the right to strike was soon restricted, salary determination through labor negotiations became the principle. Basic labor rights were not respected in the prewar public sector because public officials were paid to maintain dignity as servants of the Emperor, not to receive compensation for their work. The formation of labor unions and negotiations under the direction of GHQ was a new experience for many public employees. However, labor negotiations were difficult due to austerity budgets, and salary increases could not keep pace with hyperinflation. The unionization movement among public employees became more militant, with the support of left-wing activists such as the Communist Party and the Socialist Party, which had been suppressed before the war. A general strike was planned for February 1, 1947, but was called off by the order of General Douglas MacArthur. In parallel with these movements, the United States Personnel Advisory Mission, headed by Blain Hoover2 arrived in Japan in November 1946, and began a study on the creation of a new public service system. In June 1947, the mission recommended a draft for a “National Public Servants Law”to the Japanese government, and a new Civil Service Division was established within GHQ/GS, with Hoover as its first chief. He aimed not only to introduce scientific personnel management in the public sector, but also to calm the public sector union movement, which had become radicalized under the influence of communism. His draft would have prohibited labor negotiation to determine salaries and created a National Personnel Authority, but the Japanese government enacted the National Public Service Act, leaving its contents ambiguous. As a result, labor-management disputes among public employees did not stop even after the enactment of the National Public Service Act. Within GHQ, the ESS Labor Division, which advocated guarantee, and the GS Civil Service Division, which advocated restriction, were at odds over the basic labor rights of public employees. Finally, General MacArthur decided to restrict the collective bargaining and the right to strike, issuing the MacArthur Letter in July 1948. At the end of July, the Japanese government issued Cabinet Order No. 201 in response to this Letter. Labor negotiations by public employees were suspended and all existing collective agreements were nullified. The National Public Service Act was revised in November to implement the Cabinet Order. Based on the revised National Public Service Act, the National Personnel Authority (NPA) was established in December as an independent central personnel agency.
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